The Dutch have historically played a much more significant role than one would expect given the size of their country in the technological transfers that have shaped the modern world. In the 17th century, their financial and agricultural innovations spread to Great Britain, driving the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire. In the 18th century, the Russian tsar Peter the Great studied Dutch shipbuilding techniques to create the fleet that would turn Russia into a maritime power. And in the 1970s, the Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan stole blueprints from a Dutch laboratory to launch his country’s nuclear weapons program and later contribute to the development of similar initiatives in North Korea, Iran, and Libya.